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Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra September 11 attacks United States [2001]      Also known as: 11/9 attacks, 9/11 terrorist attacks, September 11 Written by  Fact-checked by  Last Updated: Article History September 11 attacks September 11 attacks See all media Date: September 11, 2001 Location: New York New York City Pennsylvania United States Washington, D.C. Participants: al-Qaeda Context: Iraq War USA PATRIOT Act Afghanistan War Homeland Security Act Major Events: American Airlines flight 77 Top Questions What were the September 11 attacks? How many people were killed in the September 11 attacks? Who planned the September 11 attacks? How did the September 11 attacks change America? September 11 attacks September 11 attacks September 11 attacks: Pentagon September 11 attacks: Pentagon September 11 attacks: United Airlines flight 93 September 11 attacks: United Airlines flight 93 September 11 attacks, also called 9/11 attacks, series of airline hijackings and suicide attacks committed in 2001 by 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda against targets in the United States, the deadliest terrorist attacks on American soil in U.S. history. The attacks against New York City and Washington, D.C., caused extensive death and destruction and triggered an enormous U.S. effort to combat terrorism. Some 2,750 people were killed in New York, 184 at the Pentagon, and 40 in Pennsylvania (where one of the hijacked planes crashed after the passengers attempted to retake the plane); all 19 terrorists died (see Researcher’s Note: September 11 attacks). Police and fire departments in New York were especially hard-hit: hundreds had rushed to the scene of the attacks, and more than 400 police officers and firefighters were killed. (Read Britannica’s interview with Jimmy Carter on 9/11 and world affairs.) The plot flight paths on September 11, 2001 flight paths on September 11, 2001 The September 11 attacks were precipitated in large part because Osama bin Laden, the leader of the militant Islamic organization al-Qaeda, held naive beliefs about the United States in the run-up to the attacks. Abu Walid al-Masri, an Egyptian who was a bin Laden associate in Afghanistan in the 1980s and ’90s, explained that, in the years prior to the attacks, bin Laden became increasingly convinced that America was weak. “He believed that the United States was much weaker than some of those around him thought,” Masri remembered, and “as evidence he referred to what happened to the United States in Beirut when the bombing of the Marines base led them to flee from Lebanon,” referring to the destruction of the marine barracks there in 1983 (see 1983 Beirut barracks bombings), which killed 241 American servicemen. Bin Laden believed that the United States was a “paper tiger,” a belief shaped not just by America’s departure from Lebanon following the marine barracks bombing but also by the withdrawal of American forces from Somalia in 1993, following the deaths of 18 U.S. servicemen in Mogadishu, and the American pullout from Vietnam in the 1970s. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed The key operational planner of the September 11 attacks was Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (often referred to simply as “KSM” in the later 9/11 Commission Report and in the media), who had spent his youth in Kuwait. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed became active in the Muslim Brotherhood, which he joined at age 16, and then he went to the United States to attend college, receiving a degree from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in 1986. Afterward he traveled to Pakistan and then Afghanistan to wage jihad against the Soviet Union, which had launched an invasion against Afghanistan in 1979. According to Yosri Fouda, a journalist at the Arabic-language cable television channel Al Jazeera who interviewed him in 2002, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed planned to blow up some dozen American planes in Asia during the mid-1990s, a plot (known as “Bojinka”) that failed, “but the dream of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed never faded. And I think by putting his hand in the hands of bin Laden, he realized that now he stood a chance of bringing about his long awaited dream.” In 1996 Khalid Sheikh Mohammed met bin Laden in Tora Bora, Afghanistan. The 9-11 Commission (formally the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States), set up in 2002 by Pres. George W. Bush and the U.S. Congress to investigate the attacks of 2001, explained that it was then that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed “presented a proposal for an operation that would involve training pilots who would crash planes into buildings in the United States.” Khalid Sheikh Mohammed dreamed up the tactical innovation of using hijacked planes to attack the United States, al-Qaeda provided the personnel, money, and logistical support to execute the operation, and bin Laden wove the attacks on New York and Washington into a larger strategic framework of attacking the “far enemy”—the United States—in order to bring about regime change across the Middle East. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The September 11 plot demonstrated that al-Qaeda was an organization of global reach. The plot played out across the globe with planning meetings in Malaysia, operatives taking flight lessons in the United States, coordination by plot leaders based in Hamburg, Germany, money transfers from Dubai, and recruitment of suicide operatives from countries around the Middle East—all activities that were ultimately overseen by al-Qaeda’s leaders in Afghanistan. Mohammed Atta Mohammed Atta Hear about Mohammed Atta, the lead perpetrator behind the September 11 attacks of 2001, and Sebastian Gorki, a German banker and one of the victims killed in the World Trade Center, New York Hear about Mohammed Atta, the lead perpetrator behind the September 11 attacks of 2001, and Sebastian Gorki, a German banker and one of the victims killed in the World Trade Center, New YorkSee all videos for this article Key parts of the September 11 plot took shape in Hamburg. Four of the key pilots and planners in the “Hamburg cell” who would take operational control of the September 11 attacks, including the lead hijacker Mohammed Atta, had a chance meeting on a train in Germany in 1999 with an Islamist militant who struck up a conversation with them about fighting jihad in the Russian republic of Chechnya. The militant put the Hamburg cell in touch with an al-Qaeda operative living in Germany who explained that it was difficult to get to Chechnya at that time because many travelers were being detained in Georgia. He recommended they go to Afghanistan instead. Although Afghanistan was critical to the rise of al-Qaeda, it was the experience that some of the plotters acquired in the West that made them simultaneously more zealous and better equipped to carry out the attacks. Three of the four plotters who would pilot the hijacked planes on September 11 and one of the key planners, Ramzi Binalshibh, became more radical while living in Hamburg. Some combination of perceived or real discrimination, alienation, and homesickness seems to have turned them all in a more militant direction. Increasingly cutting themselves off from the outside world, they gradually radicalized each other, and eventually the friends decided to wage battle in bin Laden’s global jihad, setting off for Afghanistan in 1999 in search of al-Qaeda. Atta and the other members of the Hamburg group arrived in Afghanistan in 1999 right at the moment that the September 11 plot was beginning to take shape. Bin Laden and his military commander Muhammad Atef realized that Atta and his fellow Western-educated jihadists were far better suited to lead the attacks on Washington and New York than the men they had already recruited, leading bin Laden to appoint Atta to head the operation. The hijackers, most of whom were from Saudi Arabia, established themselves in the United States, many well in advance of the attacks. They traveled in small groups, and some of them received commercial flight training. Throughout his stay in the United States, Atta kept Binalshibh updated on the plot’s progress via e-mail. To cloak his activities, Atta wrote the messages as if he were writing to his girlfriend “Jenny,” using innocuous code to inform Binalshibh that they were almost complete in their training and readiness for the attacks. Atta wrote in one message, “The first semester commences in three weeks…Nineteen certificates for private education and four exams.” The referenced 19 “certificates” were code that identified the 19 al-Qaeda hijackers, while the four “exams” identified the targets of the attacks. In the early morning of August 29, 2001, Atta called Binalshibh and said he had a riddle that he was trying to solve: “Two sticks, a dash and a cake with a stick down—what is it?” After considering the question, Binalshibh realized that Atta was telling him that the attacks would occur in two weeks—the two sticks being the number 11 and the cake with a stick down a 9. Putting it together, it meant that the attacks would occur on 11-9, or 11 September (in most countries the day precedes the month in numeric dates, but in the United States the month precedes the day; hence, it was 9-11 in the United States). On September 5 Binalshibh left Germany for Pakistan. Once there he sent a messenger to Afghanistan to inform bin Laden about both the day of the attack and its scope. The attacks September 11 attacks: Mohammed Atta September 11 attacks: Mohammed Atta September 11 attacks September 11 attacks September 11 attacks September 11 attacks September 11 attacks: United Airlines flight 93, Pennsylvania September 11 attacks: United Airlines flight 93, Pennsylvania On September 11, 2001, groups of attackers boarded four domestic aircraft at three East Coast airports, and soon after takeoff they disabled the crews, some of whom may have been stabbed with box cutters the hijackers were secreting. The hijackers then took control of the aircraft, all large and bound for the West Coast with full loads of fuel. At 8:46 AM the first plane, American Airlines flight 11, which had originated from Boston, was piloted into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. Most observers construed this initially to be an accident involving a small commuter plane. The second plane, United Airlines flight 175, also from Boston, struck the south tower 17 minutes later. At this point there was no doubt that the United States was under attack. Each structure was badly damaged by the impact and erupted into flames. Office workers who were trapped above the points of impact in some cases leapt to their deaths rather than face the infernos now raging inside the towers. The third plane, American Airlines flight 77, taking off from Dulles Airport near Washington, D.C., struck the southwest side of the Pentagon (just outside the city) at 9:37 AM, touching off a fire in that section of the structure. Minutes later the Federal Aviation Authority ordered a nationwide ground stop, and within the next hour (at 10:03 AM) the fourth aircraft, United Airlines flight 93 from Newark, New Jersey, crashed near Shanksville in the Pennsylvania countryside after its passengers—informed of events via cellular phone—attempted to overpower their assailants. September 11 attacks September 11 attacks September 11 attacks September 11 attacks At 9:59 AM the World Trade Center’s heavily damaged south tower collapsed, and the north tower fell 29 minutes later. Clouds of smoke and debris quickly filled the streets of Lower Manhattan. Office workers and residents ran in panic as they tried to outpace the billowing debris clouds. A number of other buildings adjacent to the twin towers suffered serious damage, and several subsequently fell. Fires at the World Trade Center site smoldered for more than three months. September 11 attacks: rescue operation September 11 attacks: rescue operation September 11 attacks: rescue operation September 11 attacks: rescue operation Rescue operations began almost immediately as the country and the world sought to come to grips with the enormity of the losses. Nearly 3,000 people had perished: some 2,750 people in New York, 184 at the Pentagon, and 40 in Pennsylvania; all 19 terrorists also died. Included in the total in New York City were more than 400 police officers and firefighters, who had lost their lives after rushing to the scene and into the towers. George W. Bush on Air Force One after the September 11 attacks George W. Bush on Air Force One after the September 11 attacks September 11 attacks; George W. Bush September 11 attacks; George W. Bush George W. Bush: speech after the September 11, 2001, attacks George W. Bush: speech after the September 11, 2001, attacks September 11 attacks September 11 attacks On the morning of September 11, President Bush had been visiting a second-grade classroom in Sarasota, Florida, when he was informed that a plane had flown into the World Trade Center. A little later Andrew Card, his chief of staff, whispered in the president’s right ear: “A second plane hit the second tower. America is under attack.” To keep the president out of harm’s way, Bush subsequently hopscotched across the country on Air Force One, landing in Washington, D.C., the evening of the attacks. At 8:30 PM Bush addressed the nation from the Oval Office in a speech that laid out a key doctrine of his administration’s future foreign policy: “We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.” George W. Bush at the World Trade Center George W. Bush at the World Trade Center On September 14 Bush visited “Ground Zero,” the smoking pile of debris of what remained of the World Trade Center and the thousands who had perished there. Standing on top of a wrecked fire truck, Bush grabbed a bullhorn to address the rescue workers working feverishly to find any survivors. When one of the workers said that he could not hear what the president was saying, Bush made one of the most memorable remarks of his presidency: I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear from all of us soon. Bush’s robust response to the attacks drove his poll ratings from 55 percent favourable before September 11 to 90 percent in the days after, the highest ever recorded for a president. The aftermath September 11 attacks: missing persons notices September 11 attacks: missing persons notices September 11 attacks: memorial September 11 attacks: memorial The emotional distress caused by the attacks—particularly the collapse of the twin towers, New York City’s most visible landmark—was overwhelming. Unlike the relatively isolated site of the Pearl Harbor attack of 1941, to which the September 11 events were soon compared, the World Trade Center lay at the heart of one of the world’s largest cities. Hundreds of thousands of people witnessed the attacks firsthand (many onlookers photographed events or recorded them with video cameras), and millions watched the tragedy unfold live on television. In the days that followed September 11, the footage of the attacks was replayed in the media countless times, as were the scenes of throngs of people, stricken with grief, gathering at “Ground Zero”—as the site where the towers once stood came to be commonly known—some with photos of missing loved ones, seeking some hint of their fate. Remember New York City's World Trade Center towers and the September 11 attacks Remember New York City's World Trade Center towers and the September 11 attacksSee all videos for this article Moreover, world markets were badly shaken. The towers were at the heart of New York’s financial district, and damage to Lower Manhattan’s infrastructure, combined with fears of stock market panic, kept New York markets closed for four trading days. Markets afterward suffered record losses. The attacks also stranded tens of thousands of people throughout the United States, as U.S. airspace remained closed for commercial aviation until September 13, and normal service, with more rigid security measures, did not resume for several days. Know how the AT&T Corporation managed the telecommunication traffic right after the attacks of September 11, 2001 Know how the AT&T Corporation managed the telecommunication traffic right after the attacks of September 11, 2001See all videos for this article The September 11 attacks were an enormous tactical success for al-Qaeda. The strikes were well coordinated and hit multiple targets in the heart of the enemy, and the attacks were magnified by being broadcast around the world to an audience of untold millions. The September 11 “propaganda of the deed” took place in the media capital of the world, which ensured the widest possible coverage of the event. Not since television viewers had watched the abduction and murder of Israeli athletes during the Munich Olympics in 1972 had a massive global audience witnessed a terrorist attack unfold in real time. If al-Qaeda had been a largely unknown organization before September 11, in the days after it became a household name. After the attacks of September 11, countries allied with the United States rallied to its support, perhaps best symbolized by the French newspaper Le Monde’s headline, “We are all Americans now.” Even in Iran thousands gathered in the capital, Tehrān, for a candlelight vigil. Evidence gathered by the United States soon convinced most governments that the Islamic militant group al-Qaeda was responsible for the attacks. The group had been implicated in previous terrorist strikes against Americans, and bin Laden had made numerous anti-American statements. Al-Qaeda was headquartered in Afghanistan and had forged a close relationship with that country’s ruling Taliban militia, which subsequently refused U.S. demands to extradite bin Laden and to terminate al-Qaeda activity there. For the first time in its history, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) invoked Article 5, allowing its members to respond collectively in self-defense, and on October 7 the U.S. and allied military forces launched an attack against Afghanistan (see Afghanistan War). Within months thousands of militants were killed or captured, and Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders were driven into hiding. In addition, the U.S. government exerted great effort to track down other al-Qaeda agents and sympathizers throughout the world and made combating terrorism the focus of U.S. foreign policy. Meanwhile, security measures within the United States were tightened considerably at such places as airports, government buildings, and sports venues. To help facilitate the domestic response, Congress quickly passed the USA PATRIOT Act (the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001), which significantly but temporarily expanded the search and surveillance powers of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and other law-enforcement agencies. Additionally, a cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security was established. Despite their success in causing widespread destruction and death, the September 11 attacks were a strategic failure for al-Qaeda. Following September 11, al-Qaeda—whose name in Arabic means “the base”—lost the best base it ever had in Afghanistan. Later some in al-Qaeda’s leadership—including those who, like Egyptian Saif al-Adel, had initially opposed the attacks—tried to spin the Western intervention in Afghanistan as a victory for al-Qaeda. Al-Adel, one of the group’s military commanders, explained in an interview four years later that the strikes on New York and Washington were part of a far-reaching and visionary plan to provoke the United States into some ill-advised actions: Such strikes will force the person to carry out random acts and provoke him to make serious and sometimes fatal mistakes.…The first reaction was the invasion of Afghanistan. But there is not a shred of evidence that in the weeks before September 11 al-Qaeda’s leaders made any plans for an American invasion of Afghanistan. Instead, they prepared only for possible U.S. cruise missile attacks or air strikes by evacuating their training camps. Also, the overthrow of the Taliban hardly constituted an American “mistake”—the first and only regime in the modern Muslim world that ruled according to al-Qaeda’s rigid precepts was toppled, and with it was lost an entire country that al-Qaeda had once enjoyed as a safe haven. And in the wake of the fall of the Taliban, al-Qaeda was unable to recover anything like the status it once had as a terrorist organization with considerable sway over Afghanistan. Bin Laden disastrously misjudged the possible U.S. responses to the September 11 attacks, which he believed would take one of two forms: an eventual retreat from the Middle East along the lines of the U.S. pullout from Somalia in 1993 or another ineffectual round of cruise missile attacks similar to those that followed al-Qaeda’s bombings of American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998. Neither of these two scenarios happened. The U.S. campaign against the Taliban was conducted with pinpoint strikes from American airpower, tens of thousands of Northern Alliance forces (a loose coalition of mujahideen militias that maintained control of a small section of northern Afghanistan), and more than 300 U.S. Special Forces soldiers on the ground working with 110 officers from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). In November, just two months after the September 11 attacks, the Taliban fell to the Northern Alliance and the United States. Still, it was just the beginning of what would become the longest war in U.S. history, as the United States tried to prevent the return of the Taliban and their al-Qaeda allies. In December 2001, faced with the problem of where to house prisoners as the Taliban fell, the administration decided to hold them at Guantánamo Bay, which the U.S. had been leasing from Cuba since 1903. As Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld put it on December 27, 2001, “I would characterize Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, as the least worst place we could have selected.” Guantánamo was attractive to administration officials because they believed it placed the detainees outside the reach of American laws, such as the right to appeal their imprisonment, yet it was only 90 miles (145 km) off the coast of Florida, making it accessible to the various agencies that would need to travel there to extract information from what was believed to be a population of hundreds of dangerous terrorists. Eventually, some 800 prisoners would be held there, although the prison population was reduced to less than 175 by the time of the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks. In his State of the Union speech on January 29, 2002, President Bush laid out a new doctrine of preemptive war, which went well beyond the long-established principle that the United States would go to war to prevent an adversary launching an attack that imminently threatened the country. Bush declared: I will not wait on events while dangers gather. I will not stand by as peril draws closer and closer. The United States of America will not permit the world’s most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world’s most destructive weapons. Bush identified those dangerous regimes as an "axis of evil" that included Iran, Iraq, and North Korea. At the graduation ceremony for West Point cadets on June 1, 2002, Bush elaborated on his preemptive war doctrine, saying to the assembled soon-to-be graduates and their families, “If we wait for threats to fully materialize, we will have waited too long.” Bush believed that there would be a “demonstration effect” in destroying Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq that would deter groups like al-Qaeda or indeed anyone else who might be inclined to attack the United States. Undersecretary of Defense Douglas J. Feith later explained, What we did after 9/11 was look broadly at the international terrorist network from which the next attack on the United States might come. And we did not focus narrowly only on the people who were specifically responsible for 9/11. Our main goal was preventing the next attack. Thus, though there was no evidence that Saddam Hussein’s government in Iraq had collaborated with al-Qaeda in the September 11 attacks, the United States prepared for conflict against Iraq in its global war against terror, broadly defined. On March 19, 2003, on the eve of the invasion of Iraq, President Bush issued the order for war: For the peace of the world and the benefit and freedom of the Iraqi people, I hereby give the order to execute Operation Iraqi Freedom. May God bless the troops. On March 20 the American-led invasion of Iraq began. Within three weeks U.S. forces controlled Baghdad, and the famous pictures of the massive statue of Saddam Hussein being toppled from its plinth were broadcast around the world. The September 11 commission and its findings In 2002 President Bush had appointed a commission to look into the September 11 attacks, and two years later it issued its final report. The commission found that the key pre-September 11 failure at the CIA was its not adding to the State Department’s “watch list” two of the “muscle” hijackers (who were trained to restrain the passengers on the plane), the suspected al-Qaeda militants Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar. The CIA had been tracking Hazmi and Mihdhar since they attended a terrorist summit meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on January 5, 2000. The failure to watch-list the two al-Qaeda suspects with the Department of State meant that they entered the United States under their real names with ease. On January 15, 2000, 10 days after the Malaysian meeting, Hazmi and Mihdhar flew into Los Angeles. The CIA also did not alert the FBI about the identities of the suspected terrorists, which could have helped the bureau locate them once they were inside the United States. According to the commission, this was the failure of not just a few employees at the CIA but a large number of CIA officers and analysts. Some 50 to 60 CIA employees read cables about the two al-Qaeda suspects without taking any action. Some of those officers knew that one of the al-Qaeda suspects had a visa for the United States, and by May 2001 some knew that the other suspect had flown to Los Angeles. The soon-to-be hijackers would not have been difficult to find in California if their names had been known to law enforcement. Under their real names they rented an apartment, obtained driver’s licenses, opened bank accounts, purchased a car, and took flight lessons at a local school; Mihdhar even listed his name in the local phone directory. It was only on August 24, 2001, as a result of questions raised by a CIA officer on assignment at the FBI, that the two al-Qaeda suspects were watch-listed and their names communicated to the FBI. Even then the FBI sent out only a “Routine” notice requesting an investigation of Mihdhar. A few weeks later Hazmi and Mihdhar were two of the hijackers on the American Airlines flight that plunged into the Pentagon. The CIA inspector general concluded that "informing the FBI and good operational follow-through by CIA and FBI might have resulted in surveillance of both al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi. Surveillance, in turn, would have had the potential to yield information on flight training, financing, and links to others who were complicit in the 9/11 attacks." The key failure at the FBI was the handling of the Zacarias Moussaoui case. Moussaoui, a French citizen of Moroccan descent, was attending flight school in the summer of 2001 in Minnesota, where he attracted attention from instructors because he had little knowledge of flying and did not behave like a typical aviation student. The flight school contacted the FBI, and on August 16 Moussaoui was arrested on a visa overstay charge. Although Moussaoui was not the "20th hijacker," as was widely reported later, he had received money from one of the September 11 coordinators, Ramzi Binalshibh, and by his own account was going to take part in a second wave of al-Qaeda attacks following the assaults on New York and Washington. The FBI agent in Minneapolis who handled Moussaoui’s case believed that he might have been planning to hijack a plane, and the agent was also concerned that Moussaoui had traveled to Pakistan, which was a red flag as militants often used the country as a transit point to travel to terrorist training camps in Afghanistan. On August 23 (or 24, according to some reports) CIA director George Tenet was told about the case in a briefing titled "Islamic Extremist Learns to Fly." But FBI headquarters determined that there was not sufficient "probable cause" of a crime for the Minneapolis office to conduct a search of Moussaoui’s computer hard drive and belongings. Such a search would have turned up his connection to Binalshibh, according to Republican Sen. Charles Grassley, a leading member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, which has oversight of the FBI. The 9-11 Commission also concluded that “a maximum U.S. effort to investigate Moussaoui conceivably could have unearthed his connection to Binalshibh.” The hunt for bin Laden In September 2001 President Bush announced that he wanted Osama bin Laden captured—dead or alive—and a $25 million bounty was eventually issued for information leading to the killing or capture of bin Laden. Bin Laden evaded capture, however, including in December 2001, when he was tracked by U.S. forces to the mountains of Tora Bora in eastern Afghanistan. Bin Laden’s trail subsequently went cold, and he was thought to be living somewhere in the Afghanistan-Pakistan tribal regions. U.S. intelligence eventually located him in Pakistan, living in the garrison city of Abbottabad, and in the early morning hours of May 2, 2011, on orders from U.S. Pres. Barack Obama, a small team of U.S. Navy SEALs assaulted his compound and shot and killed the al-Qaeda leader. Peter L. Bergen One World Trade Center and the National September 11 Memorial and Museum One World Trade Center One World Trade Center September 11 Memorial and One World Trade Center September 11 Memorial and One World Trade Center The physical and symbolic void left by the destruction of the Twin Towers was filled on November 3, 2014, with the opening of One World Trade Center, a 1,776-foot (541.3-metre) skyscraper, which instantly became a dramatic new landmark on the Manhattan skyline. Adjacent to One World Trade Center are the National September 11 Memorial and Museum (completed in 2011 and 2014, respectively). Within the 8-acre (3.2-hectare) memorial plaza, twin 1-acre (0.4-hectare) reflecting pools occupy the footprints of the Twin Towers. The pools feature the largest man-made waterfalls in North America and are edged by bronze panels inscribed with the names of the victims of the September 11 attacks as well as the names of the six people who died as a result of the truck bombing of the World Trade Center in February 1993. Among more than 400 trees in the grove that surrounds the pools is the “Survivor Tree,” a Callery pear tree that was discovered badly damaged at Ground Zero, removed and nursed back to health, and then returned to the site in 2010. The memorial and plaza were designed by architects Michael Arad and Peter Walker, winners of a design competition that featured 5,201 submissions from 63 countries. Twenty years later, how do we remember 9/11? Twenty years later, how do we remember 9/11?See all videos for this article The museum includes a glass-encased pavilion with an atrium that features two 80-foot (24-metre) trident-shaped steel columns that were part of the facade of the North Tower. The museum’s Memorial Hall is adorned with 2,983 tiles (representing the victims of the September 2001 and February 1993 attacks), each one a blue watercolour with which artist Spencer Finch attempted to capture the colour of the sky on the day of the September 11 attacks. At the centre of the tiles is a quote from Virgil’s Aeneid: No day shall erase you from the memory of time The museum’s Foundation Hall is a high-ceilinged, nearly 15,000-square-foot (1,400-square-metre) room that encompasses part of a surviving retaining wall of the World Trade Center and displays the “Last Column,” a 36-foot (11-metre) steel beam to which workers and others attached messages and posters during Ground Zero cleanup operations. The international impact of the September 11 attacks is demonstrated along the ramp that descends into the museum by a multimedia exhibit featuring recorded reminiscences by people from 43 countries in 28 languages. History The 50 key dates of world history The 50 key dates of world history The eminent historian Richard Overy, editor of The Times Complete History of the World, chooses the dates that he believes have most influenced humanity (http://www.currentgk.com/world/history/imp_date_world_history.html) Important Dates of World History   B.C. 3000 Building of the Great Pyramid. 776 First Olympiad in Greece. 753 Foundation of Rome. 490 Greeks defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon. 360 The period of Aristotle and Plato. 332 Egypt conquered by Alexander. 323 Alexander dies at Babylon. 214 Work on the Great Wall of China begins. 55 Julius Ceasar attacks Great Britain. 4 Birth of Jesus Christ. A.D. 29 Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. 375 Huns' invasion of Europe. 570 Prophet Mohammed born at Mecca. 622 Flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Madina. 632 Death of Mohammed; Beginning of Hijiri Era. 711 Arabs invade Spain. 1066 Norman invasion of England; Victory of William the Conquerer over the English King Harold II at Hastings. 1280 Roger Bacon invents gunpowder. 1338 The Hundred years War broke out. 1348 English faces Black Death Plague. 1453 Turks captured Constantinople; Renaissance in Europe.                                                                      1492 Discovery of America by Columbus. 1498 Sea-route to India discovered by Vasco-de-Gama. 1588 Spanish Armada defeated. 1600 British East India Company established in India. 1649 Execution of Charles I. 1660 Monarchy restored in England. 1665 The Great Plague of England. 1668 Glorious Revolution in England. 1704 Battle of Blenheim. 1707 Union of England and Scotland. 1776 Declaration of American Independence. 1789 French Revolution; George Washington elected the first President of America. 1805 Battle of Trafalagar and Nelson's death. 1815 Battle of Waterloo; Napolean exiled to St. Helena. 1821 Death of Napolean. 1832 Reforms Bill passed in England. 1837 Queen Victoria's accession to the throne of England. 1861 Beginning of the American Civil War. 1863 Slavery abolished in USA 1865 Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. 1869 Opening of the Suez Canal for traffic. 1895 Roentgen discovered X-Rays. 1896 Marconi invented wireless. 1904 Russiao-Japan war. 1905 Japan defeated Russia; Discovery of the theory of Relativity by Einstein.                                             1911 Chinese Revolution. 1912 Republic of China established. 1914 Beginning of World War I. 1917 Russian Revolution. 1918 End of World War I. 1919 Treaty of Versailles signed. 1920 Formation of the League of Nations. 1923 Turkey declared Republic. 1933 Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany. 1936 Beginning of the Spanish Civil War. 1939 World War II begins. 1941 Russia invaded by Hitler; Pearl Harbour invaded by Japan. 1945 Establishment of UNO; End of World War II; Hiroshima and Nagasaki experience the first dropping of the Atom Bomb; Death of President Roosevelt. 1946 Civil War in China. 1948 Burma and Ceylon get independence. 1949 Indonesia gets independence; The Communists capture power in China. 1952 General Eisenhower elected as the American President. 1953 Death of Stalin; Mt. Everest conquered for the first time. 1954 Military Aid Pact between China and Pakistan; Chou En-lai visits India. 1955 Austria gets independence; Bandung Conference. 1956 Suez Canal nationalised by President Nasser; Egypt attacked by the forces of Britain; France and Israel. 1957 First artificial satellite launched by Russia. 1958 Egypt and Syria united and renamed United Arab Republic (UAR) 1959 Chinese capture Tibet; Dalai Lama flees to India; Sputnik launched by Russia. 1960 Explosion of an atom bomb device by France; Election of John F. Kennedy as President of USA 1961 Yuri Gagarin of USSR becomes the first spaceman. 1963 Partial Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty signed; Malaysia established; John F. Kennedy assassinated. 1965 Death of Sir Winston Churchill; Singapore becomes the sovereign independent nation; outbreak of Indo-Pak war. 1966 Tashkent Pact; A Russian aircraft lands on moon. 1967 Chinese explode hydrogen bomb; Arab-Israel War; Suez Canal closed. 1971 Outbreak of Indo-Pak war; Birth of Bangladesh; Surrender of 93,000 Pakistani troops; Khruschev died; Z.A. Bhutto new President of Pakistan. 1972 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman freed from Pakistani Jail and assumed the office of P.M. Bangladesh; Nixon of USA visited China; King Mahendra of Nepal died; USA and the USSR sign Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty. 1973 Outbreak of fourth Arab-Israeli war; Fourth non-aligned summit in Algiers. 1975 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, President of Bangladesh assassinated; King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, assassinated; Suez Canal reopened; Red Cross force Cambodia Government to Surrender. 1976 Chou-En Lai, P.M. of China, died; Seychelles gets independence; Viking I lands on Mars; Mao Tse-tung died; Jimmy Carter elected President of USA 1978 Agreement between Israel and Egypt; Vietnam attacked Cambodia; Z.A. Bhutto, former P.M. of Pakistan, sentenced to death; Bloody coup in Afghanistan; Mohammed Daoud assassinated; World's first test-tube baby born. 1979 Chinese aggression in Vietnam; Cambodian rebels grab power in Pnom Penh; Mr. Z.A. Bhutto hanged; Mrs. Margaret Thatcher is the first woman P.M. of Britain. 1980 War starts between Iran and Iraq; Ronald Reagon elected USA President.                                       1982 Falklands, captured by Argentina; Israel attacks South Lebanon; Argentina forces surrender to British; P.L.O. Chief Yesser Arafat leaves Beirut; Bashir Gemyel, the President elect of Lebanon, assassinated; Soviet President breathes his last. 1983 US attacks Grenada; USA withdraws from UNESCO. 1985 India gets Presidentship of UN Security Council; Soviet President, Mr. Konstantin Chernenko, dies; Vietnam withdraws troops from Kampuchia. 1986 American air attack on Libya. 1987 Nuclear tests by USSR; Fresh proposal by Gorbachev; Group 77 meet at Havana; Unsuccessful military coup in Philippines, Prime Minister of Lebanon killed. 1988 WHO observes 7th of April as no smoking day, French President re-elected, Gen. Zia-ul-Haq killed in plane crash, Quake kills about 1,000 people in Bihar (India), George Bush elected President of USA, Arafat declares on independent state of Palestine, Nearly 1,00,000 people killed in earthquake in Armenia. 1989 The UN Peace keeping force starts implementation of UN Resolution 435 for the independence of  Namibia. 1990 The Panamanian President surrenders to the United States. South Africa lifts lean on African National Congress. Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union. Namibia becomes a free nation. Iraq overruns Kuwait. East and West Germanys unite. 1991 War breaks out in the Gulf, With the defeat of Iraq and freedom of Kuwait, Gulf war ends. 1993 5 new members of security council START II treaty between Russian & US Presidents, Security Council resolution on Angola, Emergency in Zambia, Elections in Australia. 1994 South Africa emerged from aparted regime with Nelson Mandela as its president. GATT treaty signed to create World Trade Organisation (WTO). 1995 WTO comes into existence. Nuclear test by France. Balkan peace accord signed. 1996 Kofi Annan new UN Secretary General. Clinton re-elected US President. India refuses to sign CTBT. Shekh Hasina Wajed new PM of Bangladesh. Taliban capture Kabul and execute former communist President Najibullah. 1997 Tony Blair back in power in UK. Mohd. Khatami elected president of Iran. Hong Kong goes back to China after 99 year British rule. 1998 Indonesian President Suharto resigns. Pakistan test fires `Gauri' missile. US President Clinton faces impeachment. 1999 G-15 Summit ends. Yugoslavia accepts a peace plan for Kosovo. 2000 Thai commandor rescue 700 hostages from a capital Ratchabuh. India-China sign agreement on Information Technology, World Aids Day observed. 2001 Goerge W. Bush, was sworn in as the 43rd President of the United States. Heritage destroy of Bamiyan Buddha in Afghanistan by Taliban. Massacred of Nepal Royal family. Terrorist attacks on America by Taliban Supremo Osama bin Laden. 2002 `Euro' becomes the official currency of 12 European countries. A new nation East Timor came into existence. Switzerland and East Timor becomes the 190th & 191th member of the UN. 2003 Germany, Spain, Pakistan, Chile and Angola take rotating two-year seats on the UN Security Council; Iraq and the UN sign a 10-point agreement to facilitate the work of disarmament monitors; India-born American astronaut Kalpana Chawla and six other crew of the STS-107 space shuttle mission were killed as the US space shuttle Columbia disintegrates over Texas; name of Yugoslavia has been changed, it became Serbia and Montenegro; Australia win ICC World Cup by defeating India, war between US and Iraq; International criminal court was launched. WTO ministerial conference held in Cancun. India and ASEAN signed three accord. Over 20,000 people are killed as a major earthquake destroys the Iranian Fort city Bam. 2004 India-Pakistan air links resume, the 12th SAARC Summit concludes in Islamabad after the signing of historic Agreement on Free Trade, Additional Protocol on Terrorism and Social Charter. NASA announced that it would name the spot where the robot probe Spirit landed successfully, in the memory of seven astronauts of the space shuttle Columbia. The US declares Mr. Saddam Hussein a prisoner of war. Pakistan has been readjusted to the common wealth. United States hand over political authority to Iraq. The 28th Olympics start in Athens. Russian Parliament ratifics the Kyoto Protocol, Yasser Arafat dies in Paris. Taslima Nasreen awarded UNESCO tolerance and non-violence Prize. 2005 India and Pakistan agree to allow travel by bus across the Line of Control between Srinagar and  Muzaffarabad, Microsoft founder, The U.S. Senate approves Michael d. Griffin as NASA chief, Kuwaiti Parliament grants women the right to vote and run in elections, Latvia ratifies E.U. Constitution, The sixth book by J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, hits the stands worldwide, Junichiro Koizumi is reelected Japanese Premier by the new House of Representatives at a special session in Tokyo, The Dhaka Declaration decides to set up a SAARC poverty Alleviation Fund and to declare 2006-2015 the SAARC Decade of Poverty Alleviation, The Kyoto protocol on limiting pollution becomes fully operational, Evo Morales wins Bolivian presidential polls, The Galileo navigational telescope is launched from Kazakhstan. 2006 SAFTA comes into effect. Sirleaf sworn in as Liberian president. Chile elected socialist Michelle Bachelet to be its first woman president. 18th CWG held in Melbourne (Australia). UNO passed a resolution for new Human Rights Council. UN General Assembly has approved Ban-Ki-Moon as the new Secretary General. North Korea conducted an underground Nuclear test. 15th Asian Games were held in Doha (Qatar) in December 2006. 2007 Bangladesh declares a state of emergency. Nepal's Parliament unanimously approves the interim Constitution. 14th SAARC Summit held in New Delhi (India). Australia won the World Cup Cricket tournament, 2007. G-8 Summit held in Heilligendamm, Berlin (Germany). Viktor Zubkov has been appointed as a new Prime Minister of Russia. Yasuo Fukuda was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Japan. India won the Twenty-20 World Cup Cricket Championship over Pakistan in South Africa. Nobel Prize 2007 has ben announced. 25 May 1953, Nevada Test Site, Nevada, USA --- "Grable" Explosion During Operation RECOMMEND? (2) Choosing 50 key dates from world history is a daunting task. No two people are likely to choose the same 50. Any list will prompt the response “why did you leave that out? Or put that in?” Important dates are not the same as well-known dates. Every schoolchild used to know 1066, 1588 and 1815 but only the last appears in my list, and not just for the sake of the Battle of Waterloo. Any list of just 50 dates has to take account of some obvious limitations. No date appears before the start of human civilisations about 5,500 years ago and the beginning of a written or pictorial history. Some dates are very fuzzy, partly because there is no particular year in which it is possible to say “the wheel was invented then”, despite its clear importance; partly because the accounts we have, even of quite recent events, can be misdated; partly because primarily oral cultures produce either no chronology or one that is wholly speculative. The question of geography means leaving out many key dates from the history of Europe to make room for dates from Ancient China, or the Middle East, or the Americas. World history is global, even if it much of it has been dominated by Europe. Why, then, these dates and not 50 others? Human history is a vast and complex story, but human society has worked over the past 5,000 years only because of some key inventions and discoveries. That is why the wheel, the plough, the sail and the watch are there. MULTIMEDIA     Pictures: Historic moments Human societies have been held together by religion, which is why the major religious founders are here. Religion links the modern world with the past 2,000 or 3,000 years. Every day millions of people read the Bible, a document of an entirely lost world, but a book, like the Koran, of enormous power. Political events are seldom as important, but at times they shape the future in fundamental ways. That is why the unification of Ancient China is there. China is still a large, unified state occupying roughly the same area that it did 2,000 years ago. If the Persians had blotted out Ancient Greece, or the Carthaginians had destroyed Rome, the classical world would have been very different. The rise and fall of Communism in the 20th century affected the lives of millions. Lastly, human intelligence and creativity shaped the way we think about the world. Newtonian physics, Einstein’s relativity theory, Darwin’s biology and the works of Shakespeare have all made the world a different place. If there were room, Copernicus or Goethe or Nietzsche, or a dozen nonEuropean thinkers, might all have as good a claim. These are dates that arguably changed the way human society developed for better or worse over the past five millennia. The historian’s choice 1 c.3500 BC Invention of the wheel and plough in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq); invention of the sail in Egypt: three fundamental inventions for trade, agriculture and exploration. 2 c.3200 BC Invention of writing in Mesopotamia: the means to record and understand human history. 3 c.3000 BC Founding of the first cities in Sumeria (present-day Iraq): origin of modern social and administrative structures. 4 c.1600 BC Modern alphabet invented: the essential means of communication of complex concepts and culture. 5 c.1600 BC Beginning of Greek civilisation: essential to Western heritage and the root of mathematics, philosophy, political thinking and medicine. 6 753 BC Foundation of Rome: the Roman Empire is a pillar of the modern age, producing ideas on justice, law, engineering and warfare. 7 c.670 BC Invention of ironworking: metallurgy is the key to further technical, economic and military developments. 8 c.551 BC Birth of Confucius, the founder of one of the world’s major philosophical systems. 9 490 BC Battle of Marathon: the Greeks repel a Persian invasion, securing the survival of Greek culture and science. 10 486 BC Birth of Buddha, founder of one of the world’s major religions. 11 327 BC Empire of Alexander the Great reaches into India: the first example of a long-term and often violent interrelationship between Europe and Asia. 12 202 BC Hannibal is defeated by Rome: the victory is essential to secure the survival and expansion of Roman civilisation. 13 27 BC Founding of the Roman Empire: this is the start of the classic period of Roman domination in Europe and the Mediterranean. 14 c.5 BC Birth of Jesus Christ, founder of the many branches of Christianity. The exact date is disputed. 15 AD 105 First use of modern paper: this replaced stone, slate, papyrus and vellum as a cheap and convenient medium. 16 AD 280 Unification of China under the Western Chin dynasty creates the political shape of modern China. 17 AD 312 Roman Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity: this made it possible for Christianity to spread across Europe. 18 AD 476 Fall of the Roman Empire in the West ends 800 years of Roman hegemony. The creation of moderen Europe begins. 19 c.AD 570 Birth of Muhammad, founder of one of the world’s great religions. 20 c.AD 730 Printing invented in China: an essential step in mass communication/ administration/cultural dissemination. 21 AD 800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the new Western Empire. This marked the point at which Europe began to reintegrate. The Holy Roman Empire lasts for 1,000 years. 22 1054 Schism of Greek and Latin Christian Churches divides Christianity permanently into two geographical and denominational halves. 23 1088 First university founded in Bologna, Italy: the start of a modern conception of higher learning and universal knowledge. 24 1206 Genghis Khan begins his conquest of Asia. This has a major impact on Asian development and the movement of peoples. 25 1215 Magna Carta signed by King John at Runnymede: this is the origin of the modern concept of constitutional rule. 26 1453 Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks: Almost 500 years of Turkish domination of the Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa and the Middle East begins. 27 1455 First book printed with moveable type: Johannes Gutenberg’s revolution in printing technology makes mass-market reading possible. 28 1492 Christopher Columbus discovers the New World, bringing the Americas into a global trading/cultural system. 29 1509 Invention of the watch: essential to a modern economy and administration, this introduces the concept of regular timekeeping. 30 1517 Martin Luther launches the Reformation. It is the start of Protestant Christianity and the idea of religious individualism. 31 1519 Cortes begins his conquest of South America, which becomes part of the wider world economic and political system. 32 1564 William Shakespeare is born: his plays make fundamental statements about the human condition. 33 1651 Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan is published: this is the origin of the modern idea of civil society, equality before the law and egoistic individualism] 34 1687 Isaac Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, the foundation of modern physics. 35 1776 American Declaration of Independence determines the political evolution of the New World and the rise of American power. 36 1789 French Revolution marks a fundamental break with the tradition of monarchy; the “rights of man” are enshrined. 37 1815 Battle of Waterloo: the Napoleonic Empire ends, and with it Napoleon’s ambition to rule and reform all of Europe. 38 1825 Rocket steam locomotive built, marking the start of the railway age of cheap, fast land transport. 39 1859 Publication of Darwin’s The Origin of Species. His theory of evolution transforms the view of Man and his environment, and belief in God. 40 1885 Benz develops first petrol-driven car, starting the most profound technical and social revolution of the modern age. 41 1893 New Zealand introduces unrestricted women’s suffrage. At this point women win the principle of full political equality. 42 1905 Einstein’s theory of special relativity published. It transforms the nature of modern physical knowledge. 43 1917 Russian Revolution creates the first successful, long-term revolutionary state. 44 1918 End of the First World War. The Habsburg and Ottoman empires collapse; maps of Europe and the Middle East are redrawn. 45 1939 Outbreak of Second Worldd War: 50 million die worldwide from 1939-45 in the world’s largest and most deadly conflict, which ends the long age of imperialisms. 46 1945 End of Second World War; when the first nuclear bomb is detonated, mankind develops the means to destroy itself. 47 1949 Communist China founded: China is created as a single territorial unit with a common administration and a modernising economy. 48 1959 Invention of the silicon chip is the major technical invention of the past century, making possible the computer age. 49 1960 First contraceptive pill made available for women, who can now make their own biological choices about reproduction. 50 1989-90 Collapse of Communist regimes in Europe: marks the end of the long communist experiment; Asian communism is also transformed. One World Trade Center Article Talk Read View source View history Tools This is a good article. Click here for more information.   Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Freedom Tower" redirects here. For other uses of "Freedom Tower" and "One World Trade Center", see Freedom Tower (disambiguation) and One World Trade Center (disambiguation). One World Trade Center One WTC logo.svg One World Trade Center Tower.jpg One World Trade Center in April 2019 MapWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Alternative names 1 WTC Freedom Tower (pre-2009)[1] Record height Tallest in North America and the Western Hemisphere since 2013[I] Preceded by Willis Tower General information Status Completed Type OfficeObservationCommunication Architectural style Contemporary modern Location 285 Fulton Street Manhattan, New York City, U.S. Coordinates 40°42′47″N 74°00′48″WCoordinates: 40°42′47″N 74°00′48″W Construction started April 27, 2006; 17 years ago Topped-out May 10, 2013; 10 years ago[12] Opened November 3, 2014; 8 years ago[13][14] May 29, 2015; 7 years ago (One World Observatory)[15] Cost US$3.9 billiona[3][4] Height Architectural 1,776 ft (541.3 m)[5][8] Tip 1,792 ft (546.2 m)[5] Antenna spire 407.9 ft (124.3 m) Roof 1,368 ft (417.0 m)[9] Top floor 1,268 ft (386.5 m)[5] Observatory 1,268 ft (386.5 m)[5] Technical details Floor count 94 (+5 below ground) (28 mechanical)[5][6] Floor area 3,501,274 sq ft (325,279 m2)[5] Lifts/elevators 73[5] made by ThyssenKrupp[10] Design and construction Architect(s) David Childsb[2] Developer Port Authority of New York and New Jersey[5] b. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Engineer Jaros, Baum & Bolles (MEP)[5] Structural engineer WSP Cantor Seinuk Other designers Hill International, The Louis Berger Group[11] Main contractor Tishman Construction Website onewtc.com References [5][7] One World Trade Center, also known as One World Trade, One WTC, and formerly the Freedom Tower (still sometimes used colloquially),[note 1] is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, One World Trade Center is the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the seventh-tallest in the world. The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, on the site of the original 6 World Trade Center. It is bounded by West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the north, Fulton Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east. The construction of below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the new building began on April 27, 2006. One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30, 2012, when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building. The tower's steel structure was topped out on August 30, 2012. On May 10, 2013, the final component of the skyscraper's spire was installed, making the building, including its spire, reach a total height of 1,776 feet (541 m). Its height in feet is a deliberate reference to the year when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. The building opened on November 3, 2014;[14] the One World Observatory opened on May 29, 2015.[15] On March 26, 2009, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) confirmed that the building would be officially known by its legal name of "One World Trade Center", rather than its colloquial name of "Freedom Tower".[16][17][18] The building has 94 stories, with the top floor numbered 104. The new World Trade Center complex will eventually include five high-rise office buildings built along Greenwich Street, as well as the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located just south of One World Trade Center where the original Twin Towers stood. The construction of the new building is part of an effort to memorialize and rebuild following the destruction of the original World Trade Center complex. History Original building (1971–2001) For comprehensive information on the original World Trade Center, see World Trade Center (1973–2001). See also: List of tenants in 1 World Trade Center (1971–2001) The first One World Trade Center under construction in May 1970 The construction of the original World Trade Center was conceived as an urban renewal project and spearheaded by David Rockefeller. The project was intended to help revitalize Lower Manhattan.[19] The project was planned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki.[20] The twin towers at 1 and 2 World Trade Center were designed as framed tube structures, giving tenants open floor plans, unobstructed by columns or walls.[21][22] One World Trade Center was the North Tower, and Two World Trade Center was the South Tower.[23] Each tower was over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (0.40 ha) of the total 16 acres (6.5 ha) of the site's land.[24] Of the 110 stories in each tower, 8 were set aside as mechanical floors. All the remaining floors were open for tenants. Each floor of the tower had 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of available space. The North and South tower had 3,800,000 square feet (350,000 m2) of total office space.[25] Construction of the North Tower began in August 1966; extensive use of prefabricated components sped up the construction process. The first tenants moved into the North Tower in October 1971.[26][27] At the time, the original One World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world, at 1,368 feet (417 m) tall. After a 360-foot (110 m)-tall antenna was installed in 1978, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,728 ft (527 m).[28] In the 1970s, four other low-level buildings were built as part of the World Trade Center complex.[29][30] A seventh building was built in the mid-1980s.[31][32] The entire complex of seven buildings had a combined total of 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space.[29][30][33] Destruction Main article: September 11 attacks See also: Casualties of the September 11 attacks Impact locations on One and Two World Trade Center The remains (from bottom to top) of One, Six, and Seven World Trade Center on September 17, 2001 At 8:46 a.m. (EDT) on September 11, 2001, five hijackers affiliated with al-Qaeda crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower between the 93rd and 99th floors.[34][35] Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03 a.m. (EDT), a second group of terrorists crashed the hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking between the 77th and 85th floors.[36] By 9:59 a.m. (EDT), the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. After burning for 102 minutes, the North Tower collapsed due to structural failure at 10:28 a.m. (EDT).[37] When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby 7 World Trade Center, damaging it and starting fires. The fires burned for hours, compromising the building's structural integrity. Seven World Trade Center collapsed at 5:21 p.m. (EDT).[38][39] Together with a simultaneous attack on the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and a failed plane hijacking that resulted in a plane crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the attacks resulted in the deaths of 2,996 people (2,507 civilians, 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel, and the 19 hijackers).[40][41][42] More than 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact.[43] In the North Tower, 1,355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped, and died of smoke inhalation, fell, jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames, or were killed when the building eventually collapsed. One stairwell in the South Tower, Stairwell A, somehow avoided complete destruction, unlike the rest of the building.[44] When Flight 11 hit, all three staircases in the North Tower above the impact zone were destroyed, thus making it impossible for anyone above the impact zone to escape. 107 people below the point of impact also died.[43] Current building (2013–present) World Trade Center Towers One347Planned: 25 Other elements Liberty ParkNational September 11 Memorial & MuseumPATH StationPerforming Arts CenterOculusSt. Nicholas Greek Orthodox ChurchVehicular Security Center Artwork America's Response MonumentAnne Frank treeONE: Union of the SensesThe Sphere History One WTC constructionOriginal complexWTC site vte Planning Following the destruction of the original World Trade Center, there was debate regarding the future of the World Trade Center site. There were proposals for its reconstruction almost immediately, and by 2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation had organized a competition to determine how to use the site.[45] The proposals were part of a larger plan to memorialize the September 11 attacks and rebuild the complex.[46][47] Already the site was becoming a tourist attraction; in the year following the attacks the Ground Zero site became the most visited place in the United States. On September 10, 2002, the Viewing Wall, a temporary display containing information about the attacks and listing the names of the dead, opened to the public.[48] When the public rejected the first round of designs, a second, more open competition took place in December 2002, in which a design by Daniel Libeskind was selected as the winner in February 2003. Other designs were submitted by Richard Meier, Peter Eisenman, Charles Gwathmey, and Steven Holl; William Pedersen; and Foster and Partners.[48] This design underwent many revisions, mainly because of disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein, who held the lease to the World Trade Center site at that time.[49] Peter Walker and Michael Arad's "Reflecting Absence" proposal was selected as the site's 9/11 Memorial in January 2004.[48] There was criticism concerning the limited number of floors that were designated for office space and other amenities in an early plan. Only 82 floors would have been habitable, and the total office space of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex would have been reduced by more than 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) in comparison with the original complex.[8] The floor limit was imposed by Silverstein, who expressed concern that higher floors would be a liability in the event of a future terrorist attack or other incident. Much of the building's height would have consisted of a large, open-air steel lattice structure on the roof of the tower, containing wind turbines and "sky gardens".[8] In a subsequent design, the highest occupiable floor became comparable to the original World Trade Center, and the open-air lattice was removed from the plans.[8] In 2002, former New York Governor George Pataki faced accusations of cronyism for supposedly using his influence to get the winning architect's design picked as a personal favor for his friend and campaign contributor, Ronald Lauder.[50] A final design for the "Freedom Tower" was formally unveiled on June 28, 2005. To address security issues raised by the New York City Police Department, a 187-foot (57 m) concrete base was added to the design in April of that year. The design originally included plans to clad the base in glass prisms in order to address criticism that the building might have looked uninviting and resembled a "concrete bunker". However, the prisms were later found to be unworkable, as preliminary testing revealed that the prismatic glass easily shattered into large and dangerous shards. As a result, it was replaced by a simpler facade consisting of stainless steel panels and blast-resistant glass.[51] Contrasting with Libeskind's original plan, the tower's final design tapers octagonally as it rises. Its designers stated that the tower would be a "monolithic glass structure reflecting the sky and topped by a sculpted antenna." In 2006, Larry Silverstein commented on a planned completion date: "By 2012 we should have a completely rebuilt World Trade Center, more magnificent, more spectacular than it ever was."[52] On April 26, 2006, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey approved a conceptual framework that allowed foundation construction to begin. A formal agreement was drafted the following day, the 75th anniversary of the 1931 opening of the Empire State Building. Construction began in May; a formal groundbreaking ceremony took place when the first construction team arrived.[53] Construction Main article: Construction of One World Trade Center One World Trade Center tower construction as of August 7, 2007 One World Trade Center construction in April 2013 The symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center was laid in a ceremony on July 4, 2004.[54] The stone had an inscription supposedly written by Arthur J. Finkelstein.[55] Construction was delayed until 2006 due to disputes over money, security, and design.[54] The last major issues were resolved on April 26, 2006, when a deal was made between developer Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, so the cornerstone was temporarily removed from the site on June 23, 2006.[56] Soon after, explosives were detonated at the construction site for two months to clear bedrock for the building's foundation, onto which 400 cubic yards (310 cubic meters) of concrete was poured by November 2007.[57] In a December 18, 2006, ceremony held in nearby Battery Park City, members of the public were invited to sign the first 30-foot (9.1 m) steel beam installed onto the building's base.[58][59] It was welded onto the building's base on December 19, 2006.[60] Foundation and steel installation began shortly afterward, so the tower's footings and foundation were nearly complete within a year.[61] An estimate in February 2007 placed the initial construction cost of One World Trade Center at about $3 billion, or $1,150 per square foot ($12,400/m2).[62] In January 2008, two cranes were moved onto the site. Construction of the tower's concrete core, which began after the cranes arrived,[61] reached street level by May 17. The base was not finished until two years later, after which construction of the office floors began and the first glass windows were installed; during 2010, floors were constructed at a rate of about one per week.[63] An advanced "cocoon" scaffolding system was installed to protect workers from falling, and was the first such safety system installed on a steel structure in the city.[64] The tower reached 52 floors and was over 600 feet (180 m) tall by December 2010. The tower's steel frame was halfway complete by then,[65] but grew to 80 floors by the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, at which time its concrete flooring had reached 68 floors and the glass cladding had reached 54 floors.[66] In 2009, the Port Authority changed the official name of the building from "Freedom Tower" to "One World Trade Center", stating that this name was the "easiest for people to identify with."[1][67] The "Freedom Tower" name had also been subject to ridicule on programs like Saturday Night Live. The name change also served a practical purpose: real estate agents believed that it would be easier to lease space in a building with a traditional street address.[48] The change came after board members of the Port Authority voted to sign a 21-year lease deal with Vantone Industrial Co., a Chinese real estate company, which would become the building's first commercial tenant to sign a lease. Vantone planned to create the China Center, a trade and cultural facility, covering 191,000 square feet (17,700 m2) on floors 64 through 69.[68] Mass media company Condé Nast became One WTC's anchor tenant in May 2011, leasing 1 million square feet (93,000 m2) and relocating from 4 Times Square.[69][70] While under construction, the tower was specially illuminated on several occasions. For example, it was lit in red, white, and blue for Independence Day and the anniversary of the September 11 attacks, and it was illuminated in pink for Breast Cancer Awareness Month.[71] The tower's loading dock could not be finished in time to move equipment into the completed building, so five temporary loading bays were added at a cost of millions of dollars. The temporary PATH station was not to be removed until its official replacement, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, was completed, blocking access to the planned loading area.[72] Chadbourne & Parke, a Midtown Manhattan-based law firm, was supposed to lease 300,000 square feet (30,000 m2) in January 2012,[73] but the deal was abruptly canceled that March.[74] Topping-out and completion By March 2012, One WTC's steel structure had reached 93 stories,[75] growing to the 94th story (labeled as floor 100[76]) and 1,240 feet (380 m) by the end of the month.[76] The tower's estimated cost had risen to $3.9 billion by April 2012, making it the most expensive building in the world at the time.[3][4] The tower's construction was partly funded by approximately $1 billion of insurance money that Silverstein received for his losses in the September 11 attacks.[62] The State of New York provided an additional $250 million, and the Port Authority agreed to give $1 billion, which would be obtained through the sale of bonds.[77] The Port Authority raised prices for bridge and tunnel tolls to raise funds, with a 56 percent toll increase scheduled between 2011 and 2015; however, the proceeds of these increases were not used to pay for the tower's construction.[4][78] The still-incomplete tower became New York City's tallest building by roof height in April 2012, passing the 1,250-foot (380 m) roof height of the Empire State Building.[79][80] President Barack Obama visited the construction site two months later and wrote, on a steel beam that would be hoisted to the top of the tower, the sentence "We remember, we rebuild, we come back stronger!"[81] That same month, with the tower's structure nearing completion, the owners of the building began a public marketing campaign for the building, seeking to attract visitors and tenants.[82] One World Trade Center's steel structure topped out at floor 104, with a total height of 1,368 feet (417 m), in August 2012.[51][83] The tower's spire was then shipped from Quebec to New York in November 2012,[84][85] following a series of delays.[85] The first section of the spire was hoisted to the top of the tower on December 12, 2012,[84][86] and was installed on January 15, 2013.[87] By March 2013, two sections of the spire had been installed. Bad weather delayed the delivery of the final pieces.[88][89] On May 10, 2013, the final piece of the spire was lifted to the top of One WTC, bringing the tower to its full height of 1,776 feet (541 m), and making it the fourth-tallest building in the world at the time.[90][91] In subsequent months, the exterior elevator shaft was removed; the podium glass, interior decorations, and other finishes were being installed; and installation of concrete flooring and steel fittings was completed.[75] On November 12, 2013, the Height Committee of the Chicago-based Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) made the controversial[92] announcement that One World Trade Center was the tallest building in the United States, declaring that the mast on top of the building is a spire since it is a permanent part of the building's architecture.[93][94] By the same reasoning, the building was also the tallest in the Western Hemisphere.[95] A report in September 2013 revealed that, at the time of the report, the World Trade Center Association (WTCA) was negotiating with regard to the "World Trade Center" name, as the WTCA had purchased the rights to the name in 1986. The WTCA sought $500,000 worth of free office space in the tower in exchange for the use of "World Trade Center" in the tower's name and associated souvenirs.[96] The original Twin Towers, c. 2000 The original Twin Towers, c. 2000   One World Trade Center under construction behind the World Financial Center in June 2011. One World Trade Center under construction behind the World Financial Center in June 2011.   One World Trade Center (to the left) and 4 World Trade Center under construction, as seen from a helicopter on April 30, 2012. One World Trade Center (to the left) and 4 World Trade Center under construction, as seen from a helicopter on April 30, 2012. Opening and early years On November 1, 2014, moving trucks started moving items for Condé Nast. The New York Times noted that the area around the World Trade Center had transitioned from a financial area to one with technology firms, residences, and luxury shops, coincident with the building of the new tower.[97] The building opened on November 3, 2014, and Condé Nast employees moved into 24 floors.[98][99][13][100] Condé Nast occupied floors 20 to 44, having completed its move in early 2015.[97] It was expected that the company would attract new tenants to occupy the remaining 40% of unleased space in the tower,[97] as Condé Nast had revitalized Times Square after moving there in 1999.[101] Only about 170 of 3,400 total employees moved into One WTC on the first day. At the time, future tenants included Kids Creative, Legends Hospitality, the BMB Group, Servcorp,[102] and GQ.[101] On November 12, 2014, shortly after the building opened supporting wire rope cables of a suspended working platform slacked, trapping a two-man window washing team.[103][104][105] During the late 2010s, the Durst Organization leased most of the remaining vacant space. The tower reached 92 percent occupancy just before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020.[106] By August 2020, Condé Nast indicated it wanted to leave One World Trade Center.[107] This led Advance Publications, parent company of Conde Nast, to start withholding rent payments in January 2021.[108][109] By March 2021, Condé Nast had filed plans to reduce the amount of office space that it leased.[110] After a prolonged impasse, Condé Nast agreed in late 2021 to pay almost $10 million in back rent.[111][112] In December 2021, the New York Liberty Development Corporation announced that it would refinance 1 WTC with a $700 million bond issue. The money from this bond issue would be used to retire the debt from the building's last refinancing in 2012.[113][114] By March 2022, the building was 95 percent leased, a higher percentage than before the COVID-19 pandemic.[115][116] One WTC's vacancy rate was half that of the city as a whole;[117] its high occupancy rate contrasted with that of the original Twin Towers, which had never reached full occupancy until just before the September 11 attacks.[106] Architecture Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center's reconstruction. In grey are the new buildings (One World Trade Center is the square at upper left), and in blue is the 9/11 Memorial and Museum. Many of Daniel Libeskind's original concepts from the 2002 competition were discarded from the tower's final design. One World Trade Center's final design consisted of simple symmetries and a more traditional profile, intended to compare with selected elements of the contemporary New York skyline. The tower's central spire draws from previous buildings, such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building. It also visually resembles the original Twin Towers, rather than being an off-center spire similar to the Statue of Liberty.[118][119][120][121][122] One World Trade Center is considered the first major building whose construction is based upon a three-dimensional Building Information Model.[123] Just south of the new One World Trade Center is the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, which is located where the original Twin Towers stood. Immediately to the east is World Trade Center Transportation Hub and the new Two World Trade Center site. To the north is 7 World Trade Center, and to the west is Brookfield Place.[124][125][126] Form and facade The building occupies a 200-foot (61 m) square, with an area of 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2), nearly identical to the footprints of the original Twin Towers. The tower is built upon a 185-foot (56 m) tall windowless concrete base, designed to protect it from truck bombs and other ground-level attacks.[127] From the 20th floor upwards, the square edges of the tower's cubic base are chamfered back, shaping the building into eight tall isosceles triangles, or an elongated square antiprism.[128] Near its middle, the tower forms a perfect octagon, and then culminates in a glass parapet, whose shape is a square oriented 45 degrees from the base. A 407.9-foot (124.3 m) sculpted mast containing the broadcasting antenna – designed in a collaboration between Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), artist Kenneth Snelson (who invented the tensegrity structure), lighting designers, and engineers – is secured by a system of cables, and rises from a circular support ring, which contains additional broadcasting and maintenance equipment. At night, an intense beam of light is projected vertically from the spire[2] and shines over 1,000 feet (300 m) above the tower.[129] David Childs of SOM, the architect of One World Trade Center, said the following regarding the tower's design:[130] We really wanted our design to be grounded in something that was very real, not just in sculptural sketches. We explored the infrastructural challenges because the proper solution would have to be compelling, not just beautiful. The design does have great sculptural implications, and we fully understand the iconic importance of the tower, but it also has to be a highly efficient building. The discourse about Freedom Tower has often been limited to the symbolic, formal and aesthetic aspects but we recognize that if this building doesn't function well, if people don't want to work and visit there, then we will have failed as architects.[130] Originally, the base was to be covered in decorative prismatic glass, but a simpler glass-and-steel façade was adopted when the prisms proved unworkable.[51] The current base cladding consists of angled glass fins protruding from stainless steel panels, similar to those on 7 World Trade Center. LED lights behind the panels illuminate the base at night.[131] There are cable-net glass facade panels on all elevations of the building, designed by Schlaich Bergermann, will be consistent with the other buildings in the complex. The facade panels are 60 feet (18 m) high, and range in width from 30 feet (9.1 m) on the east and west sides, 50 feet (15 m) on the north side, and 70 feet (21 m) on the south side.[7] The curtain wall was manufactured and assembled by Benson Industries in Portland, Oregon, using glass made in Minnesota by Viracon.[132] WSP Group was the lead structural engineer; Jaros, Baum & Bolles (JBB) provided MEP engineering; and Tishman Construction was the main contractor.[133] Features Entrance to the tower One World Trade Center's top floor is officially designated as floor 104,[5] despite the fact that the tower only contains 94 actual stories.[99] The building has 86 usable above-ground floors, of which 78 are intended for office purposes (approximately 2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m2)).[2][134][135] The base consists of floors 1–19, including a 65-foot-high (20 m) public lobby, featuring the 90-foot (27 m) mural ONE: Union of the Senses by American artist José Parlá.[136][137] The office floors begin at floor 20, and go up to floor 63. There is a sky lobby on floor 64; office floors resume on floor 65, and stop at floor 90. Floors 91–99 and 103–104 are mechanical floors.[7] The tenants have access to below-ground parking, storage, and shopping; access to PATH, New York City Subway trains, and the World Financial Center is also provided at the World Trade Center Transportation Hub; Fulton Street/Fulton Center; and Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street stations.[138] The building allows direct access to West Street, Vesey Street, and Fulton Street at ground level.[138] The building has an approximate underground footprint of 42,000 square feet (3,900 m2).[138] One World Observatory One World Observatory The tower has a three-story observation deck, located on floors 100–102, in addition to existing broadcast and antenna facilities.[7] Its height is 1,268 feet (386 m), making it the highest vantage point in New York City.[48] Similar to the Empire State Building, visitors to the observation deck and tenants have their own separate entrances; one entrance is on the West Street side of the building, and the other is from within the shopping mall, descending down to a below-ground security screening area.[139] On the observation deck, the actual viewing space is on the 100th floor, but there is a food court on the 101st floor and a space for events for the 102nd floor.[140] To show visitors the city, and give them information and stories about New York, an interactive tool called City Pulse is used by Tour Ambassadors. The admission fee is $32 per person,[141][142] but admission discounts are available for children and seniors, and the deck is free for 9/11 responders and families of 9/11 victims.[140] When it opened, the deck was expected to have about 3.5 million visitors per year.[143] Tickets went on sale starting on April 8, 2015.[144] The Manhattan District Attorney probed the Port Authority about the firm to which it awarded a contract to operate the deck.[145] It officially opened on May 28, 2015,[146][147] one day ahead of schedule.[148] A plan to build a restaurant near the top of the tower, similar to the original One World Trade Center's Windows on the World, was abandoned as logistically impractical. The tower's window-washing tracks are located on a 16-square-foot area, which is designated as floor 110 as a symbolic reference to the 110 floors of the original tower.[149] There are three eating venues at the top of the building: a café (called One Café); a bar and "small plates" grill (One Mix); and a fine dining restaurant (One Dining). Some commentators, including those for the New York Post and Curbed, have criticized the food prices; the need of a full observatory ticket purchase to enter; and their reputations compared to Windows on the World, the top-floor restaurant in the original One World Trade Center.[150][151] Views from the building Manhattan from the observatory Manhattan from the observatory   Brooklyn Bridge, Manhattan Bridge and 8 Spruce Street Brooklyn Bridge, Manhattan Bridge and 8 Spruce Street   World Trade Center station World Trade Center station   56 Leonard Street from the 52nd Floor 56 Leonard Street from the 52nd Floor Sustainability Like other buildings in the new World Trade Center complex, One World Trade Center includes sustainable architecture features. Much of the building's structure and interior is built from recycled materials, including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles; around 80 percent of the tower's waste products are recycled.[152] Although the roof area of any tower is limited, the building implements a rainwater collection and recycling scheme for its cooling systems. The building's PureCell phosphoric acid fuel cells generate 4.8 megawatts (MW) of power, and its waste steam generates electricity.[153] The New York Power Authority selected UTC Power to provide the tower's fuel cell system, which was one of the largest fuel cell installations in the world once completed.[154] The tower also makes use of off-site hydroelectric and wind power.[155] The windows are made of an ultra-clear glass, which allows maximum sunlight to pass through; the interior lighting is equipped with dimmers that automatically dim the lights on sunny days, reducing energy costs.[129] Like all of the new facilities at the World Trade Center site, One World Trade Center is heated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities on-site.[156] One World Trade Center received a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold Certification, making it one of the most environmentally sustainable skyscrapers in the world.[157] Security features One World Trade Center and adjacent buildings at dusk Along with the protection provided by the reinforced concrete base, a number of other safety features were included in the building's design, so that it would be prepared for a major accident or terrorist attack. Like 7 World Trade Center, the building has 3-foot (91 cm) thick reinforced concrete walls in all stairwells, elevator shafts, risers, and sprinkler systems. There are also extra-wide, pressurized stairwells, along with a dedicated set of stairwells exclusively for the use of firefighters, and biological and chemical filters throughout the ventilation system.[129][158] In comparison, the original Twin Towers used a purely steel central core to house utility functions, protected only by lightweight drywall panels.[159] The building is no longer 25 feet (8 m) away from West Street, as the Twin Towers were; at its closest point, West Street is 65 feet (20 m) away.[129] The Port Authority has stated: "Its structure is designed around a strong, redundant steel moment frame consisting of beams and columns connected by a combination of welding and bolting. Paired with a concrete-core shear wall, the moment frame lends substantial rigidity and redundancy to the overall building structure while providing column-free interior spans for maximum flexibility."[158] In addition to safety design, new security measures were implemented. All vehicles will be screened for radioactive materials and other potentially dangerous objects before they enter the site through the underground road. Four hundred closed-circuit surveillance cameras will be placed in and around the site, with live camera feeds being continuously monitored by the NYPD. A computer system will use video-analytic computer software, designed to detect potential threats, such as unattended bags, and retrieve images based on descriptions of terrorists or other criminal suspects. New York City and Port Authority police will patrol the site.[160] Before the World Trade Center site was fully completed, the plaza was not completely opened to the public, as the original World Trade Center plaza was.[161] The initial stage of the opening process began on Thursday, May 15, 2014, when the "Interim Operating Period" of the National September 11 Memorial ended. During this period, all visitors were required to undergo airport style security screening,[162] as part of the "Interim Operating Period", which was expected to end on December 31, 2013.[163] Screening did not fully end until the official dedication and opening of the museum[164][165] on May 21, 2014, after which visitors were allowed to use the plaza without needing passes.[161] Design evolution The original design went through significant changes after the Durst Organization joined the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey as the project's co-developer in 2010.[118] Height comparison of major skyscrapers in New York City, with One World Trade Center shown at far left. The North Tower of WTC was 1,727 ft (526.3 m) The 185-foot (56 m) tall base corners were originally designed to gently slope upward and have prismatic glass.[118][121] The corners were later squared. In addition, the base's walls are now covered in "hundreds of pairs of 13-foot [4.0 m] vertical glass fins set against horizontal bands of eight-inch-wide [20 cm] stainless-steel slats."[118][121] The spire was originally to be enclosed with a protective radome, described as a "sculptural sheath of interlocking fiberglass panels".[118][119][120] The radome-enclosed spire was then changed to a plain antenna.[118] Douglas Durst, the chairman of the Durst Organization, stated that the design change would save $20 million.[120][166] SOM strongly criticized the change, and Childs said: "Eliminating this integral part of the building's design and leaving an exposed antenna and equipment is unfortunate ... We stand ready to work with the Port on an alternate design."[120] After joining the project in 2010, the Durst Organization had suggested eliminating the radome to reduce costs, but the proposal was rejected by the Port Authority's then-executive director, Christopher O. Ward.[120] Ward was replaced by Patrick Foye in September 2011.[119] Foye changed the Port Authority's position, and the radome was removed from the plans. In 2012, Douglas Durst gave a statement regarding the final decision: "(the antenna) is going to be mounted on the building over the summer. There's no way to do anything at this point."[120] The large triangular plaza on the west side of One World Trade Center was originally planned to have stainless steel steps descending to West Street, but the steps were changed to a terrace in the final design. The terrace can be accessed through a staircase on Vesey Street. The terrace is paved in granite, and has 12 sweetgum trees, in addition to a block-long planter/bench.[118] Durst also removed a skylight from the plaza's plans; the skylight was designed to allow natural light to enter the below-ground observation deck lobby.[118] The plaza is 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) higher than the adjacent sidewalk.[118] The Port Authority formally approved all these revisions, and the revisions were first reported by the New York Post.[167] Patrick Foye, the executive director of the Port Authority, said that he thought that the changes were "few and minor" in a telephone interview.[118] A contract negotiated between the Port Authority and the Durst Organization states that the Durst Organization will receive a $15 million fee and a percentage of "base building changes that result in net economic benefit to the project." The specifics of the signed contract give Durst 75% of the savings (up to $24 million) with further returns going down to 50%; 25%; and 15% as the savings increase.[118] Height When viewed from street level in proximity to the tower, One World Trade Center appears to ascend to a pyramid point. The top floor of One World Trade Center is 1,368 feet (417 m) above ground level, along with a 33 ft 4 in (10.16 m) parapet; this is identical to the roof height of the original One World Trade Center.[168] The tower's spire brings it to a pinnacle height of 1,776 feet (541 m),[5][169] a figure intended to symbolize the year 1776, when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed.[2][170][171][172] When the spire is included in the building's height, as stated by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), One World Trade Center surpasses the height of Taipei 101 (1,671-foot (509 m)), is the world's tallest all-office building, and the seventh-tallest skyscraper in the world as of May 2023, behind the Burj Khalifa,[173] Merdeka 118, Shanghai Tower,[174] Abraj Al Bait,[175] Ping An Finance Centre and Lotte World Tower.[176] One World Trade Center is the second-tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere, as the CN Tower in Toronto exceeds One World Trade Center's pinnacle height by approximately 40 ft (12.2 m).[177] The Chicago Spire, with a planned height of 2,000 feet (610 m), was expected to exceed the height of One World Trade Center, but its construction was canceled due to financial difficulties in 2009.[178] Spire atop One World Trade Center After design changes for One World Trade Center's spire were revealed in May 2012, there were questions as to whether the 407.9-foot (124.3 m)-tall structure would still qualify as a spire, and thus be included in the building's height.[179][180] Since the tower's spire is not enclosed in a radome as originally planned, it could be classified as a simple antenna, which is not included in a building's height, according to the CTBUH.[180] Without the spire, One World Trade Center would be 1,368 feet (417 m) tall, making it the seventh-tallest building in the United States, behind the Trump International Hotel & Tower in Chicago.[181][182] Upon completion, the building became the tallest in New York City with the antenna, but its roof was surpassed in 2015 by 432 Park Avenue, which topped out at 1,396 feet (426 m) high.[183][184][185] One World Trade Center's developers had disputed the claim that the spire should be reclassified as an antenna following the redesign,[186] with Port Authority spokesman Steve Coleman reiterating that "One World Trade Center will be the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere."[179] In 2012, the CTBUH announced that it would wait to make its final decision as to whether or not the redesigned spire would count towards the building's height.[179] On November 12, 2013, the CTBUH announced that One World Trade Center's spire would count as part of the building's recognized height, giving it a final height of 1,776 feet (541 m), and making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.[93] Incidents In September 2013, three BASE jumpers parachuted off the then-under-construction tower. The three men and one accomplice on the ground surrendered to authorities in March 2014.[187] They were convicted of several misdemeanors in June 2015[188] and sentenced to community service and a fine.[189][190] In March 2014, tower security was breached by 16-year-old Weehawken, New Jersey resident Justin Casquejo, who entered the site through a hole in a fence. He was arrested on trespassing charges.[191] He allegedly dressed like a construction worker, sneaked in, and convinced an elevator operator to lift him to the tower's 88th floor, according to news sources. He then used stairways to get to the 104th floor, walked past a sleeping security guard, and climbed up a ladder to get to the antenna, where he took pictures for two hours.[192] The elevator operator was reassigned, and the guard was fired.[193][194] It was then revealed that officials had failed to install security cameras in the tower, which facilitated Casquejo's entry to the site.[195][196] Casquejo was sentenced to 23 days of community service as a result.[197] Reception The social center of the previous One World Trade Center included a restaurant on the 107th floor, called Windows on the World, and The Greatest Bar on Earth; these were tourist attractions in their own right, and a gathering spot for people who worked in the towers.[198][199] This restaurant also housed one of the most prestigious wine schools in the United States, called "Windows on the World Wine School", run by wine personality Kevin Zraly.[200] Despite numerous assurances that these attractions would be rebuilt,[201] the Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild them, which has outraged some observers.[202] The fortified base of the tower has also been a source of controversy. Some critics, including Deroy Murdock of the National Review,[203] have said that it is alienating and dull, and reflects a sense of fear rather than freedom, leading them to dub the building "the Fear Tower".[204] Nicolai Ouroussoff, the architecture critic for The New York Times, calls the tower base a "grotesque attempt to disguise its underlying paranoia".[205] Owners and tenants Main article: List of tenants in One World Trade Center One World Trade Center seen at sunset; the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge is in the background Seen at sunset; the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge is in the background One World Trade Center is principally owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Around 5 percent equity of the building was sold to the Durst Organization, a private real estate company, in exchange for an investment of at least $100 million. The Durst Organization assisted in supervising the building's construction, and manages the building for the Port Authority, having responsibility for leasing, property management, and tenant installations.[206][207] By September 2012, around 55 percent of the building's floor space had been leased,[208] but no new leases were signed for three years until May 2014;[209] the amount of space leased had gone up to 62.8 percent by November 2014.[210] In 2006, the State of New York agreed to a 15-year 415,000 square feet (38,600 m2) lease, with an option to extend the lease's term and occupy up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2).[211] The General Services Administration (GSA) initially agreed to a lease of around 645,000 square feet (59,900 m2),[156][211] and New York State's Office of General Services (OGS) planned to occupy around 412,000 square feet (38,300 m2). However, the GSA ceded most of its floor space to the Port Authority in July 2011, and the OGS withdrew from the lease contract.[212] In April 2008, the Port Authority announced that it was seeking a bidder to operate the 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m2) observation deck on the tower's 102nd floor;[213] in 2013, Legends Hospitality Management agreed to operate the observatory in a 15-year, $875 million contract.[214] The building's first lease, a joint project between the Port Authority and Beijing-based Vantone Industrial, was announced on March 28, 2009. A 190,810 sq ft (17,727 m2) "China Center", combining business and cultural facilities, that would be planned between floors 64 and 69; it is intended to represent Chinese business and cultural links to the United States, and to serve American companies that wish to conduct business in China.[208] Vantone Industrial's lease is for 20 years and 9 months.[215] In April 2011, a new interior design for the China Center was unveiled, featuring a vertical "Folding Garden", based on a proposal by the Chinese artist Zhou Wei.[216] In September 2015, China Center agreed to reduce the leased space to a single floor.[217] On August 3, 2010, Condé Nast Publications signed a tentative agreement to move the headquarters and offices for its magazines into One World Trade Center, occupying up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2) of floor space.[218] On May 17, 2011, Condé Nast reached a final agreement with the Port Authority, securing a 25-year lease with an estimated value of $2 billion.[69][219] On May 25, 2011, Condé Nast finalized the lease contract, obtaining 1,008,012 square feet (93,647.4 m2) of office space between floors 20–41 and 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) of usable space in the podium and below grade floors.[70] Condé Nast leased 133,000 square feet (10,000 m2) of space on floors 42 to 44 in January 2012.[220] In the late 2010s and early 2020s, Condé Nast subleased some of its space to other companies. This included Ambac Financial Group in March 2019;[221][222] Ennead Architects in April 2019;[223][224] and Constellation Agency and Reddit in 2021.[225][226] In August 2014, it was announced Servcorp signed a 15-year lease for 34,775 square feet (3,230.7 m2), taking the entire 85th floor.[227] Servcorp subsequently subleased all of its space on the 85th floor as private offices, boardrooms and co-working space to numerous medium-sized businesses such as ThinkCode, D100 Radio, and Chérie L'Atelier des Fleurs.[228][229] Key figures Developer Larry Silverstein of Silverstein Properties, the leaseholder and developer of the complex, retains control of the surrounding buildings, while the Port Authority has full control of the tower itself. Silverstein signed a 99-year lease for the World Trade Center site in July 2001, and remains actively involved in most aspects of the site's redevelopment process.[230] Before construction of the new tower began, Silverstein was involved in an insurance dispute regarding the tower. The terms of the lease agreement signed in 2001, for which Silverstein paid $14 million,[231] gave Silverstein, as leaseholder, the right and obligation to rebuild the structures if they were destroyed.[232] After the September 11 attacks, there were a series of disputes between Silverstein and insurance companies concerning the insurance policies that covered the original towers; this resulted in the construction of One World Trade Center being delayed. After a trial, a verdict was rendered on April 29, 2004. The verdict was that ten of the insurers involved in the dispute were subject to the "one occurrence" interpretation, so their liability was limited to the face value of those policies. Three insurers were added to the second trial group.[233][234] At that time, the jury was unable to reach a verdict on one insurer, Swiss Reinsurance, but it did so several days later on May 3, 2004, finding that this company was also subject to the "one occurrence" interpretation.[235] Silverstein appealed the Swiss Reinsurance decision, but the appeal failed on October 19, 2006.[236] The second trial resulted in a verdict on December 6, 2004. The jury determined that nine insurers were subject to the "two occurrences" interpretation, referring to the fact that two different planes had destroyed the towers during the September 11 attacks. They were therefore liable for a maximum of double the face value of those particular policies ($2.2 billion).[237] The highest potential payout was $4.577 billion, for buildings 1, 2, 4, and 5.[238] In March 2007, Silverstein appeared at a rally of construction workers and public officials outside an insurance industry conference. He highlighted what he described as the failures of insurers Allianz and Royal & Sun Alliance to pay $800 million in claims related to the attacks. Insurers state that an agreement to split payments between Silverstein and the Port Authority is a cause for concern.[239] Key project coordinators David Childs, one of Silverstein's favorite architects, joined the project after being urged by him. Childs developed a design for One World Trade Center, initially collaborating with Daniel Libeskind. In May 2005, Childs revised the design to address security concerns. He is the architect of the tower, and is responsible for overseeing its day-to-day design and development.[240] Daniel Libeskind won the 2002 competition to develop a master plan for the World Trade Center's redevelopment. Architect Daniel Libeskind won the invitational competition to develop a plan for the new tower in 2002. He gave a proposal, which he called "Memory Foundations", for the design of One World Trade Center. His design included aerial gardens, windmills, and off-center spire.[122] Libeskind later denied a request to place the tower in a more rentable location next to the PATH station. He instead placed it another block west, as it would then line up with, and resemble, the Statue of Liberty.[241] Most of Libeskind's original designs were later scrapped, and other architects were chosen to design the other WTC buildings.[note 2] However, one element of Libeskind's initial plan was included in the final design – the tower's symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m).[242] Daniel R. Tishman – along with his father John Tishman, builder of the original World Trade Center – led the construction team from Tishman Realty & Construction, the selected builder for One World Trade Center.[243][244] Douglas and Jody Durst, the co-presidents of the Durst Organization, a real estate development company, won the right to invest at least $100 million in the project on July 7, 2010.[245] In August 2010, Condé Nast, a long-time Durst tenant, confirmed a tentative deal to move into One World Trade Center,[246][247][248] and finalized the deal on May 26, 2011.[249] The contract negotiated between the Port Authority and the Durst Organization specifies that the Durst Organization will receive a $15 million fee, and a percentage of "base building changes that result in net economic benefit to the project". The specifics of the signed contract give Durst 75 percent of savings up to $24 million, stepping down to 50, 25, and 15 percent as savings increase.[118] Since Durst joined the project, significant changes have been made to the building, including the 185-foot (56 m) base of the tower, the spire, and the plaza to the west of the building, facing the Hudson River. The Port Authority has approved all the revisions.[118] Port Authority construction workers A WoodSearch Films short-subject documentary entitled How does it feel to work on One World Trade Center? was uploaded to YouTube on August 31, 2010. It depicted construction workers who were satisfied with the working conditions at the construction site.[250] However, further analysis of the work site showed that dozens of construction-related injuries had occurred at the site during the construction of One World Trade Center, including 34 not reported to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.[251] Workers left post-9/11-related graffiti at the site, which are meant to symbolize rebirth and resilience.[252] See also icon Architecture portal flag New York City portal Artwork in the World Trade Center Architecture of New York City Notes  During the initial planning stages, the building was dubbed as the Freedom Tower. 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External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: One World Trade Center (category) Official website Edit this at Wikidata maintained by the Durst Organization and Cushman & Wakefield One World Observatory official website World Trade Center – Maintained by Silverstein Properties One World Trade Center on CTBUH's Skyscraper Center database LowerManhattan.Info – Official site for Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center Glass, Steel and Stone – History of Freedom Tower designs Records Preceded by Willis Tower Tallest building in the United States 1,776 feet (541 m) 2013–present Incumbent Preceded by Empire State Building Tallest building in New York City 1,776 feet (541 m) 2013–present vte World Trade Center First WTC (1973–2001) ConstructionTowers 1234567Windows on the WorldMallThe BathtubTenants 124567 Art and memorials 1993 World Trade Center Bombing MemorialBent PropellerIdeogramSky Gate, New YorkThe SphereThe World Trade Center TapestryWorld Trade Center Plaza Sculpture Major events February 26, 1993 bombingJanuary 14, 1998 robberySeptember 11, 2001 attacks CollapseTimelineVictimsAftermathRescue and recovery effortNIST report on collapseDeutsche Bank BuildingSt. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Second WTC (2001–present) Site, towers, and structures One ConstructionTenants23457Perelman Performing Arts CenterVehicular Security CenterLiberty Park St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox ChurchWestfield MallArtwork (ONE: Union of the Senses) Rapid transit PATH stations Transportation HubNew York City Subway stations Chambers Street–WTC/Park Place/Cortlandt Street (2, ​3​, A, ​C, ​E​, ​N, ​R, and ​W trains)WTC Cortlandt (1 train)Fulton Street (2, ​3​, 4, ​5​, A, ​C​, J, and ​Z trains)Fulton Center Corbin BuildingDey Street Passageway 9/11 memorials 9/11 Tribute MuseumNational September 11 Memorial & Museum CompetitionMemory FoundationsTribute in LightAmerica's Response MonumentEmpty SkyTo the Struggle Against World TerrorismPostcards memorialThe Rising memorialRelics from original WTC The SphereCrossSurvivors' Staircase People Minoru YamasakiDavid RockefellerNelson RockefellerEmery Roth & SonsAustin J. TobinChristopher O. WardLarry SilversteinDavid ChildsMichael AradTHINK TeamDaniel LibeskindLeslie E. RobertsonWelles Crowther Other Port Authority of New York and New JerseySilverstein PropertiesProject RebirthTake Back The MemorialWTC in popular culture FilmMusic9/11-related mediaSilver dollar10048 ZIP codeFormer: IFCTwin Towers 2 Brookfield Place 200 Liberty Street225 Liberty Street200 Vesey Street250 Vesey StreetWinter Garden AtriumOne North End Avenue Other nearby structures 90 West Street200 West StreetBarclay–Vesey BuildingPark51West Street pedestrian bridges Links to related articles vte Timeline of tallest buildings in New York City Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church (c. 1643)Trinity Church (85 m) (1846)New York World Building (94 m) (1890)Manhattan Life Insurance Building (100 m) (1894)Park Row Building (119 m) (1899)Singer Building (187 m) (1908)Metropolitan Life Tower (213 m) (1909)Woolworth Building (241 m) (1913)40 Wall Street (283 m) (1930)Chrysler Building (320 m) (1930)Empire State Building (443 m) (1931)World Trade Center (526 m) (1973)Empire State Building (443 m) (2001)One World Trade Center (541 m) (2014) vte Tallest buildings by U.S. state or territory AL RSA Battle House Tower AK Conoco-Phillips Building AZ Chase Tower AR Simmons Tower CA Wilshire Grand Center CO Republic Plaza CT City Place I DE 1201 North Market Street FL Panorama Tower GA Bank of America Plaza HI The Central Ala Moana ID Eighth and Main IL Willis Tower IN Salesforce Tower IA 801 Grand/Principal Building KS Epic Center KY 400 West Market LA Hancock Whitney Center ME Saint Joseph's Church MD Transamerica Tower MA John Hancock Tower MI Renaissance Center MN IDS Center MS Beau Rivage Hotel Casino MO One Kansas City Place MT First Interstate Center NE First National Bank Tower NV The Palazzo NH Manchester City Hall Plaza NJ 99 Hudson Street NM Albuquerque Plaza NY One World Trade Center NC Bank of America Corporate Center ND North Dakota State Capitol OH Key Tower OK Devon Energy Center OR Wells Fargo Center PA Comcast Technology Center RI Industrial National Bank Building SC Capitol Center SD CenturyLink Tower TN AT&T Building TX JPMorgan Chase Tower UT Wells Fargo Center VT Decker Towers VA Westin Virginia Beach Town Center WA Columbia Center WV West Virginia State Capitol WI U.S. Bank Center WY White Hall Federal Districts: DC Basilica of the Immaculate Conception Territories: AS Tafuna Telecommunications Building GU Oceana Tower 2 MP Grand Mariana Casino & Hotel Resort PR Dos Marinas I, II VI F.R. & M.S. Marriott Beach Resort vte Supertall skyscrapers (300 m/984 ft and taller) Completed Asia China (including Hong Kong) Bank of China TowerBaoneng CenterCentral PlazaChangsha A9 Financial DistrictChangsha IFS Tower T1China Resources HeadquartersChina World Trade Center Tower IIIChina ZunChongqing IFS T1Chongqing World Financial CenterCITIC PlazaDalian International Trade CenterDiwang International Fortune CenterDongguan International Trade Center 1East Pacific CenterEton Place DalianFortune CenterGate to the EastGolden Eagle Tiandi Tower AGolden Eagle Tiandi Tower BGreenland Puli CenterGuangxi China Resources TowerGuangzhou CTF Finance CentreGuangzhou International Finance CenterGuiyang International Financial Center Tower 1Hanking CenterHeartland 66 Office TowerHon Kwok City CenterHuaguoyuan Tower 1Huaguoyuan Tower 2International Commerce CentreInternational Finance CentreJiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central PlazaJin Mao TowerJin Wan Plaza 9Jinan Center Financial CityKK100Leatop PlazaLogan Century Center 1Longxi International HotelMinsheng Bank BuildingNanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1Nina TowerOne Shenzhen BayPearl River TowerPing An International Finance CentreThe CenterThe PinnacleShanghai TowerShanghai World Financial CenterShenglong Global CenterShenzhen CenterShenzhen CFC Changfu CentreShimao Hunan CenterShimao International PlazaShum Yip Upperhills Tower 1Shun Hing SquareSpring City 66Suning Plaza 1, WuxiSuning Plaza Tower 1, ZhenjiangSuzhou IFSTianjin CTF Finance CentreTianjin Modern City Office TowerTianjin World Financial CenterWanda PlazaWenzhou World Trade CenterWhite Magnolia PlazaWuhan CenterWuhan Greenland CenterWuxi IFSWuxi Maoye City – Marriott HotelXi'an Glory International Financial CenterYantai Shimao No.1 The HarbourYuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1Zhongzhou Holdings Financial CenterZhuhai TowerZhujiang New City TowerZifeng Tower Middle East 23 MarinaAbraj Al BaitAddress BoulevardAddress DowntownADNOC HeadquartersAl Hamra TowerAlmas TowerArraya TowerAspire TowerBurj Al ArabBurj KhalifaCayan TowerDAMAC ResidenzeElite ResidenceEmirates Office TowerEtihad TowersGevora HotelHHHR TowerThe IndexJumeirah Emirates Towers HotelJW Marriott Marquis DubaiKingdom CentreThe LandmarkMarina 101The Marina TorchOcean HeightsPIF TowerPrincess TowerRose TowerWorld Trade Center Abu Dhabi Other 85 Sky TowerAbeno HarukasAbu Dhabi PlazaAzabudai Hills Mori JP TowerBaiyoke Tower IIThe Exchange 106Four Seasons Place Kuala LumpurHaeundae Doosan We've the ZenithHaeundae LCT The SharpICONSIAMKeangnam Hanoi Landmark TowerLandmark 81Lotte World TowerMahaNakhonMetrobank CenterParc1Petronas TowersPosco Tower-SongdoTaipei 101Telekom Tower Australia Australia 108Q1 Tower Europe City of CapitalsEurasiaFederation TowerLakhta CenterMercury City TowerNeva Towers 2OKO TowerThe ShardVarso Tower North America 1 Manhattan West111 West 57th Street3 World Trade Center30 Hudson Yards35 Hudson Yards432 Park Avenue50 Hudson Yards53W53875 North Michigan AvenueAon CenterBank of America PlazaBank of America TowerCentral Park TowerChrysler BuildingComcast Technology CenterEmpire State BuildingFranklin CenterJPMorgan Chase TowerOne57One VanderbiltOne World Trade CenterSalesforce TowerSt. Regis ChicagoThe Brooklyn TowerThe New York Times BuildingThe SpiralTorres ObispadoTrump International Hotel and TowerTwo Prudential PlazaU.S. Bank TowerWells Fargo PlazaWillis TowerWilshire Grand CenterWorld Trade Center (1973–2001) † South America Gran Torre Santiago † No longer standing. Under construction Africa Iconic Tower Asia China Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1Evergrande CenterEye of Spring Trade CenterGreenland Group Suzhou CenterHaikou TowerNanjing World Trade Center Tower 1Ningbo CenterNorth Bund CentreShandong IFCSouth Asian GateSuzhou Zhongnan CenterTianshan Gate of the World Plots 27 and 28Wuhan CTF Finance CenterXi'an Greenland CenterXiamen International CentreXiangmi Lake New Financial Center Other Legacy TowerMerdeka 118One BangkokTaipei Twin TowersThamrin NineTorch Tower Europe One Tower North America 270 Park AvenueThe OneWaldorf Astoria Miami On hold 2 World Trade Center45 Broad StreetBaoneng Shenyang Global Financial CenterBusan Lotte Town TowerChengdu Greenland TowerChongqing Tall TowerDalian Greenland CenterDiamond Tower (Jeddah)Dubai PearlDubai Towers DohaForum 66Gate of KuwaitGoldin Finance 117Hyundai Global Business CenterJeddah TowerLamar TowersMandarin Oriental ChengduMarina 106Namaste TowerNanjing Olympic Suning TowerPalais Royale, MumbaiPentominiumRunhua Global Center 1Ryugyong HotelSino-Steel TowerSkycityThe SkyscraperSquare Capital TowerThe Stratford ResidencesTameer Commercial TowerTianjin R&F Guangdong TowerTour Financial Hub CenterTower InfinityVietinBank Business Center Office Tower See alsoProposed supertall skyscrapersList of architects of supertall buildings vte Financial District Manhattan, New York City Buildings West of Broadway/ State Street 1 Broadway21 West Street65 Broadway90 West Street88 Greenwich Street94 Greenwich Street125 Greenwich Street130 Cedar Street195 BroadwayAmerican Stock Exchange BuildingBarclay–Vesey BuildingBowling Green Offices BuildingCastle ClintonCity Pier ACunard BuildingDowntown Athletic ClubEmpire BuildingJames Watson HouseNew York County Lawyers' Association BuildingOld New York Evening Post BuildingRobert and Anne Dickey HouseSt. George's Syrian Catholic ChurchSt. Paul's ChapelSt. Peter's Roman Catholic ChurchTransportation BuildingTrinity and United States Realty BuildingsTrinity ChurchTrinity Court BuildingWhitehall BuildingWorld Trade Center One2347Perelman Performing Arts CenterSt. Nicholas Greek Orthodox ChurchVehicular Security CenterWestfield Mall East of Broadway/ State Street 1 Hanover Square1 New York Plaza1 Wall Street1 Wall Street Court1 William Street2 Broadway2 New York Plaza5 Beekman Street14 Wall Street15 Broad Street15 William17 State Street20 Exchange Place23 Wall Street26 Broadway28 Liberty Street32 Old Slip37 Wall Street40 Wall Street45 Broad Street48 Wall Street52 Broadway55 Wall Street55 Water Street56 Beaver Street (Delmonico's)56 Pine Street60 Wall Street63 Wall Street63 Nassau Street70 Pine Street75 Wall Street90–94 Maiden Lane116 John Street120 Wall Street130 William140 Broadway150 Nassau Street161 Maiden Lane170–176 John Street250 Water StreetAlexander Hamilton U.S. Custom HouseAmerican Bank Note Company BuildingAmerican Surety BuildingBennett BuildingBroad Exchange BuildingChamber of Commerce BuildingContinental Bank BuildingContinental CenterCorbin BuildingDown Town AssociationEquitable BuildingExcelsior Power Company BuildingFederal Hall National MemorialFederal Reserve Bank of New York BuildingFraunces TavernHome Insurance PlazaJohn Street Methodist ChurchKeuffel & Esser Company BuildingLee, Higginson & Company Bank BuildingLiberty TowerMorse BuildingNew York City Police MuseumNew York Stock Exchange BuildingNew York Times BuildingPark Row BuildingPotter Building Former buildings Alexander Macomb HouseAstor HouseBarnum's American Museum‎Blair BuildingCity HotelCity Investing BuildingEquitable Life BuildingGillender BuildingGovernment HouseHanover National BuildingHoward HotelKemble BuildingKnickerbocker Trust Company BuildingManhattan Life Insurance BuildingMills BuildingMortimer BuildingNew York Produce ExchangeNew York Tribune BuildingNew York World BuildingPearl Street StationSt. Paul BuildingSinger BuildingStadt HuysTontine Coffee HouseTower BuildingWestern Union Telegraph BuildingWorld Trade Center Other points of interest Arts and culture Charging BullChina ChaletFearless GirlFour ContinentsThe SphereTitanic Memorial Parks and plazas The BatteryBowling GreenElizabeth H. Berger PlazaHudson River ParkLiberty ParkQueen Elizabeth II September 11th GardenVietnam Veterans PlazaZuccotti Park Food and drink Brasserie Les HallesChina ChaletDelmonico'sFraunces TavernRolfe's Chop HouseThe Dead Rabbit Education Schools High School of Economics and FinanceLeadership and Public Service High SchoolLéman Manhattan Preparatory SchoolMillennium High SchoolPace UniversityPine Street School New York Museums China InstituteFederal Hall National MemorialFraunces TavernGeorge Gustav Heye CenterMmuseummMuseum of American FinanceMuseum of Jewish HeritageNew York City Police MuseumSkyscraper MuseumSouth Street Seaport Transportation Public transport Subway Bowling GreenBroad StreetFulton StreetRector St/Greenwich StRector St/Trinity PlSouth Ferry/Whitehall StWall St/William StWall St/BroadwayWTC CortlandtPATH World Trade CenterFerries Battery Maritime BuildingPier 11/Wall StreetWhitehall Terminal Streets AlbanyBeaverBridgeBroadBroadwayChurch/Trinity PlaceCortlandtDeyExchangeFultonGreenwichJohnLibertyMaiden LaneMarketfieldNassauPearlSouthSpruceStateStoneTheatre AlleyVesey/AnnWallWashingtonWestWhitehallWilliam See also: Manhattan Community Board 1 Authority control Edit this at Wikidata International VIAF National IsraelUnited States 2Latvia Geographic Structurae Categories: Daniel Libeskind buildingsFinancial District, ManhattanSkyscraper office buildings in ManhattanOffice buildings completed in 2014Skidmore, Owings & Merrill buildingsWorld Trade Center2013 establishments in New York CityWest Side Highway

• Condition: In Excellent Condition
• Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom

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